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1998-10-30
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PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
perlxs - XS language reference manual
DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
IIIInnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn
XS is a language used to create an extension interface between Perl and
some C library which one wishes to use with Perl. The XS interface is
combined with the library to create a new library which can be linked to
Perl. An XXXXSSSSUUUUBBBB is a function in the XS language and is the core component
of the Perl application interface.
The XS compiler is called xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp. This compiler will embed the
constructs necessary to let an XSUB, which is really a C function in
disguise, manipulate Perl values and creates the glue necessary to let
Perl access the XSUB. The compiler uses ttttyyyyppppeeeemmmmaaaappppssss to determine how to map
C function parameters and variables to Perl values. The default typemap
handles many common C types. A supplement typemap must be created to
handle special structures and types for the library being linked.
See the _p_e_r_l_x_s_t_u_t manpage for a tutorial on the whole extension creation
process.
OOOOnnnn TTTThhhheeee RRRRooooaaaadddd
Many of the examples which follow will concentrate on creating an
interface between Perl and the ONC+ RPC bind library functions. The
_r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function is used to demonstrate many features of the XS
language. This function has two parameters; the first is an input
parameter and the second is an output parameter. The function also
returns a status value.
bool_t rpcb_gettime(const char *host, time_t *timep);
From C this function will be called with the following statements.
#include <rpc/rpc.h>
bool_t status;
time_t timep;
status = rpcb_gettime( "localhost", &timep );
If an XSUB is created to offer a direct translation between this function
and Perl, then this XSUB will be used from Perl with the following code.
The $status and $timep variables will contain the output of the function.
use RPC;
$status = rpcb_gettime( "localhost", $timep );
The following XS file shows an XS subroutine, or XSUB, which demonstrates
one possible interface to the _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function. This XSUB
represents a direct translation between C and Perl and so preserves the
interface even from Perl. This XSUB will be invoked from Perl with the
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 1111
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
usage shown above. Note that the first three #include statements, for
EXTERN.h, perl.h, and XSUB.h, will always be present at the beginning of
an XS file. This approach and others will be expanded later in this
document.
#include "EXTERN.h"
#include "perl.h"
#include "XSUB.h"
#include <rpc/rpc.h>
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = RPC
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t &timep
OUTPUT:
timep
Any extension to Perl, including those containing XSUBs, should have a
Perl module to serve as the bootstrap which pulls the extension into
Perl. This module will export the extension's functions and variables to
the Perl program and will cause the extension's XSUBs to be linked into
Perl. The following module will be used for most of the examples in this
document and should be used from Perl with the use command as shown
earlier. Perl modules are explained in more detail later in this
document.
package RPC;
require Exporter;
require DynaLoader;
@ISA = qw(Exporter DynaLoader);
@EXPORT = qw( rpcb_gettime );
bootstrap RPC;
1;
Throughout this document a variety of interfaces to the _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e()
XSUB will be explored. The XSUBs will take their parameters in different
orders or will take different numbers of parameters. In each case the
XSUB is an abstraction between Perl and the real C _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e()
function, and the XSUB must always ensure that the real _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e()
function is called with the correct parameters. This abstraction will
allow the programmer to create a more Perl-like interface to the C
function.
TTTThhhheeee AAAAnnnnaaaattttoooommmmyyyy ooooffff aaaannnn XXXXSSSSUUUUBBBB
The following XSUB allows a Perl program to access a C library function
called _s_i_n(). The XSUB will imitate the C function which takes a single
argument and returns a single value.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 2222
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
double
sin(x)
double x
When using C pointers the indirection operator * should be considered
part of the type and the address operator & should be considered part of
the variable, as is demonstrated in the _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function above.
See the section on typemaps for more about handling qualifiers and unary
operators in C types.
The function name and the return type must be placed on separate lines.
INCORRECT CORRECT
double sin(x) double
double x sin(x)
double x
The function body may be indented or left-adjusted. The following
example shows a function with its body left-adjusted. Most examples in
this document will indent the body.
CORRECT
double
sin(x)
double x
TTTThhhheeee AAAArrrrgggguuuummmmeeeennnntttt SSSSttttaaaacccckkkk
The argument stack is used to store the values which are sent as
parameters to the XSUB and to store the XSUB's return value. In reality
all Perl functions keep their values on this stack at the same time, each
limited to its own range of positions on the stack. In this document the
first position on that stack which belongs to the active function will be
referred to as position 0 for that function.
XSUBs refer to their stack arguments with the macro SSSSTTTT((((xxxx)))), where _x refers
to a position in this XSUB's part of the stack. Position 0 for that
function would be known to the XSUB as _S_T(0). The XSUB's incoming
parameters and outgoing return values always begin at _S_T(0). For many
simple cases the xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler will generate the code necessary to
handle the argument stack by embedding code fragments found in the
typemaps. In more complex cases the programmer must supply the code.
TTTThhhheeee RRRREEEETTTTVVVVAAAALLLL VVVVaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeee
The RETVAL variable is a magic variable which always matches the return
type of the C library function. The xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler will supply this
variable in each XSUB and by default will use it to hold the return value
of the C library function being called. In simple cases the value of
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 3333
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
RETVAL will be placed in _S_T(0) of the argument stack where it can be
received by Perl as the return value of the XSUB.
If the XSUB has a return type of void then the compiler will not supply a
RETVAL variable for that function. When using the PPCODE: directive the
RETVAL variable is not needed, unless used explicitly.
If PPCODE: directive is not used, void return value should be used only
for subroutines which do not return a value, _e_v_e_n _i_f CODE: directive is
used which sets _S_T(0) explicitly.
Older versions of this document recommended to use void return value in
such cases. It was discovered that this could lead to segfaults in cases
when XSUB was _t_r_u_e_l_y void. This practice is now deprecated, and may be
not supported at some future version. Use the return value SV * in such
cases. (Currently xsubpp contains some heuristic code which tries to
disambiguate between "truely-void" and "old-practice-declared-as-void"
functions. Hence your code is at mercy of this heuristics unless you use
SV * as return value.)
TTTThhhheeee MMMMOOOODDDDUUUULLLLEEEE KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The MODULE keyword is used to start the XS code and to specify the
package of the functions which are being defined. All text preceding the
first MODULE keyword is considered C code and is passed through to the
output untouched. Every XS module will have a bootstrap function which
is used to hook the XSUBs into Perl. The package name of this bootstrap
function will match the value of the last MODULE statement in the XS
source files. The value of MODULE should always remain constant within
the same XS file, though this is not required.
The following example will start the XS code and will place all functions
in a package named RPC.
MODULE = RPC
TTTThhhheeee PPPPAAAACCCCKKKKAAAAGGGGEEEE KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
When functions within an XS source file must be separated into packages
the PACKAGE keyword should be used. This keyword is used with the MODULE
keyword and must follow immediately after it when used.
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = RPC
[ XS code in package RPC ]
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = RPCB
[ XS code in package RPCB ]
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = RPC
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 4444
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
[ XS code in package RPC ]
Although this keyword is optional and in some cases provides redundant
information it should always be used. This keyword will ensure that the
XSUBs appear in the desired package.
TTTThhhheeee PPPPRRRREEEEFFFFIIIIXXXX KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The PREFIX keyword designates prefixes which should be removed from the
Perl function names. If the C function is rpcb_gettime() and the PREFIX
value is rpcb_ then Perl will see this function as gettime().
This keyword should follow the PACKAGE keyword when used. If PACKAGE is
not used then PREFIX should follow the MODULE keyword.
MODULE = RPC PREFIX = rpc_
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = RPCB PREFIX = rpcb_
TTTThhhheeee OOOOUUUUTTTTPPPPUUUUTTTT:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The OUTPUT: keyword indicates that certain function parameters should be
updated (new values made visible to Perl) when the XSUB terminates or
that certain values should be returned to the calling Perl function. For
simple functions, such as the _s_i_n() function above, the RETVAL variable
is automatically designated as an output value. In more complex
functions the xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler will need help to determine which variables
are output variables.
This keyword will normally be used to complement the CODE: keyword. The
RETVAL variable is not recognized as an output variable when the CODE:
keyword is present. The OUTPUT: keyword is used in this situation to
tell the compiler that RETVAL really is an output variable.
The OUTPUT: keyword can also be used to indicate that function parameters
are output variables. This may be necessary when a parameter has been
modified within the function and the programmer would like the update to
be seen by Perl.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t &timep
OUTPUT:
timep
The OUTPUT: keyword will also allow an output parameter to be mapped to a
matching piece of code rather than to a typemap.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 5555
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t &timep
OUTPUT:
timep sv_setnv(ST(1), (double)timep);
TTTThhhheeee CCCCOOOODDDDEEEE:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
This keyword is used in more complicated XSUBs which require special
handling for the C function. The RETVAL variable is available but will
not be returned unless it is specified under the OUTPUT: keyword.
The following XSUB is for a C function which requires special handling of
its parameters. The Perl usage is given first.
$status = rpcb_gettime( "localhost", $timep );
The XSUB follows.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t timep
CODE:
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( host, &timep );
OUTPUT:
timep
RETVAL
TTTThhhheeee IIIINNNNIIIITTTT:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The INIT: keyword allows initialization to be inserted into the XSUB
before the compiler generates the call to the C function. Unlike the
CODE: keyword above, this keyword does not affect the way the compiler
handles RETVAL.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t &timep
INIT:
printf("# Host is %s\n", host );
OUTPUT:
timep
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 6666
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
TTTThhhheeee NNNNOOOO____IIIINNNNIIIITTTT KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The NO_INIT keyword is used to indicate that a function parameter is
being used only as an output value. The xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler will normally
generate code to read the values of all function parameters from the
argument stack and assign them to C variables upon entry to the function.
NO_INIT will tell the compiler that some parameters will be used for
output rather than for input and that they will be handled before the
function terminates.
The following example shows a variation of the _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function.
This function uses the timep variable only as an output variable and does
not care about its initial contents.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t &timep = NO_INIT
OUTPUT:
timep
IIIInnnniiiittttiiiiaaaalllliiiizzzziiiinnnngggg FFFFuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn PPPPaaaarrrraaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrrssss
Function parameters are normally initialized with their values from the
argument stack. The typemaps contain the code segments which are used to
transfer the Perl values to the C parameters. The programmer, however,
is allowed to override the typemaps and supply alternate initialization
code.
The following code demonstrates how to supply initialization code for
function parameters. The initialization code is eval'd by the compiler
before it is added to the output so anything which should be interpreted
literally, such as double quotes, must be protected with backslashes.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host = (char *)SvPV(ST(0),na);
time_t &timep = 0;
OUTPUT:
timep
This should not be used to supply default values for parameters. One
would normally use this when a function parameter must be processed by
another library function before it can be used. Default parameters are
covered in the next section.
DDDDeeeeffffaaaauuuulllltttt PPPPaaaarrrraaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr VVVVaaaalllluuuueeeessss
Default values can be specified for function parameters by placing an
assignment statement in the parameter list. The default value may be a
number or a string. Defaults should always be used on the right-most
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 7777
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
parameters only.
To allow the XSUB for _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() to have a default host value the
parameters to the XSUB could be rearranged. The XSUB will then call the
real _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function with the parameters in the correct order.
Perl will call this XSUB with either of the following statements.
$status = rpcb_gettime( $timep, $host );
$status = rpcb_gettime( $timep );
The XSUB will look like the code which follows. A CODE: block is
used to call the real _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function with the parameters in the
correct order for that function.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(timep,host="localhost")
char *host
time_t timep = NO_INIT
CODE:
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( host, &timep );
OUTPUT:
timep
RETVAL
TTTThhhheeee PPPPRRRREEEEIIIINNNNIIIITTTT:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The PREINIT: keyword allows extra variables to be declared before the
typemaps are expanded. If a variable is declared in a CODE: block then
that variable will follow any typemap code. This may result in a C
syntax error. To force the variable to be declared before the typemap
code, place it into a PREINIT: block. The PREINIT: keyword may be used
one or more times within an XSUB.
The following examples are equivalent, but if the code is using complex
typemaps then the first example is safer.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(timep)
time_t timep = NO_INIT
PREINIT:
char *host = "localhost";
CODE:
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( host, &timep );
OUTPUT:
timep
RETVAL
A correct, but error-prone example.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 8888
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(timep)
time_t timep = NO_INIT
CODE:
char *host = "localhost";
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( host, &timep );
OUTPUT:
timep
RETVAL
TTTThhhheeee SSSSCCCCOOOOPPPPEEEE:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The SCOPE: keyword allows scoping to be enabled for a particular XSUB. If
enabled, the XSUB will invoke ENTER and LEAVE automatically.
To support potentially complex type mappings, if a typemap entry used by
this XSUB contains a comment like /*scope*/ then scoping will
automatically be enabled for that XSUB.
To enable scoping:
SCOPE: ENABLE
To disable scoping:
SCOPE: DISABLE
TTTThhhheeee IIIINNNNPPPPUUUUTTTT:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The XSUB's parameters are usually evaluated immediately after entering
the XSUB. The INPUT: keyword can be used to force those parameters to be
evaluated a little later. The INPUT: keyword can be used multiple times
within an XSUB and can be used to list one or more input variables. This
keyword is used with the PREINIT: keyword.
The following example shows how the input parameter timep can be
evaluated late, after a PREINIT.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 9999
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
PREINIT:
time_t tt;
INPUT:
time_t timep
CODE:
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( host, &tt );
timep = tt;
OUTPUT:
timep
RETVAL
The next example shows each input parameter evaluated late.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
PREINIT:
time_t tt;
INPUT:
char *host
PREINIT:
char *h;
INPUT:
time_t timep
CODE:
h = host;
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( h, &tt );
timep = tt;
OUTPUT:
timep
RETVAL
VVVVaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeee----lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh PPPPaaaarrrraaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr LLLLiiiissssttttssss
XSUBs can have variable-length parameter lists by specifying an ellipsis
(...) in the parameter list. This use of the ellipsis is similar to that
found in ANSI C. The programmer is able to determine the number of
arguments passed to the XSUB by examining the items variable which the
xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler supplies for all XSUBs. By using this mechanism one can
create an XSUB which accepts a list of parameters of unknown length.
The _h_o_s_t parameter for the _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() XSUB can be optional so the
ellipsis can be used to indicate that the XSUB will take a variable
number of parameters. Perl should be able to call this XSUB with either
of the following statements.
$status = rpcb_gettime( $timep, $host );
$status = rpcb_gettime( $timep );
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11110000
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
The XS code, with ellipsis, follows.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(timep, ...)
time_t timep = NO_INIT
PREINIT:
char *host = "localhost";
CODE:
if( items > 1 )
host = (char *)SvPV(ST(1), na);
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( host, &timep );
OUTPUT:
timep
RETVAL
TTTThhhheeee PPPPPPPPCCCCOOOODDDDEEEE:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The PPCODE: keyword is an alternate form of the CODE: keyword and is used
to tell the xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler that the programmer is supplying the code to
control the argument stack for the XSUBs return values. Occasionally one
will want an XSUB to return a list of values rather than a single value.
In these cases one must use PPCODE: and then explicitly push the list of
values on the stack. The PPCODE: and CODE: keywords are not used
together within the same XSUB.
The following XSUB will call the C _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function and will
return its two output values, timep and status, to Perl as a single list.
void
rpcb_gettime(host)
char *host
PREINIT:
time_t timep;
bool_t status;
PPCODE:
status = rpcb_gettime( host, &timep );
EXTEND(sp, 2);
PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(status)));
PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(timep)));
Notice that the programmer must supply the C code necessary to have the
real _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function called and to have the return values
properly placed on the argument stack.
The void return type for this function tells the xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler that the
RETVAL variable is not needed or used and that it should not be created.
In most scenarios the void return type should be used with the PPCODE:
directive.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11111111
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
The _E_X_T_E_N_D() macro is used to make room on the argument stack for 2
return values. The PPCODE: directive causes the xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler to
create a stack pointer called sp, and it is this pointer which is being
used in the _E_X_T_E_N_D() macro. The values are then pushed onto the stack
with the _P_U_S_H_s() macro.
Now the _r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function can be used from Perl with the following
statement.
($status, $timep) = rpcb_gettime("localhost");
RRRReeeettttuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg UUUUnnnnddddeeeeffff AAAAnnnndddd EEEEmmmmppppttttyyyy LLLLiiiissssttttssss
Occasionally the programmer will want to return simply undef or an empty
list if a function fails rather than a separate status value. The
_r_p_c_b__g_e_t_t_i_m_e() function offers just this situation. If the function
succeeds we would like to have it return the time and if it fails we
would like to have undef returned. In the following Perl code the value
of $timep will either be undef or it will be a valid time.
$timep = rpcb_gettime( "localhost" );
The following XSUB uses the SV * return type as a mneumonic only, and
uses a CODE: block to indicate to the compiler that the programmer has
supplied all the necessary code. The _s_v__n_e_w_m_o_r_t_a_l() call will initialize
the return value to undef, making that the default return value.
SV *
rpcb_gettime(host)
char * host
PREINIT:
time_t timep;
bool_t x;
CODE:
ST(0) = sv_newmortal();
if( rpcb_gettime( host, &timep ) )
sv_setnv( ST(0), (double)timep);
The next example demonstrates how one would place an explicit undef in
the return value, should the need arise.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11112222
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
SV *
rpcb_gettime(host)
char * host
PREINIT:
time_t timep;
bool_t x;
CODE:
ST(0) = sv_newmortal();
if( rpcb_gettime( host, &timep ) ){
sv_setnv( ST(0), (double)timep);
}
else{
ST(0) = &sv_undef;
}
To return an empty list one must use a PPCODE: block and then not push
return values on the stack.
void
rpcb_gettime(host)
char *host
PREINIT:
time_t timep;
PPCODE:
if( rpcb_gettime( host, &timep ) )
PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(timep)));
else{
/* Nothing pushed on stack, so an empty */
/* list is implicitly returned. */
}
Some people may be inclined to include an explicit return in the above
XSUB, rather than letting control fall through to the end. In those
situations XSRETURN_EMPTY should be used, instead. This will ensure that
the XSUB stack is properly adjusted. Consult the section on _A_P_I _L_I_S_T_I_N_G
in the _p_e_r_l_g_u_t_s manpage for other XSRETURN macros.
TTTThhhheeee RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEE:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The REQUIRE: keyword is used to indicate the minimum version of the
xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler needed to compile the XS module. An XS module which
contains the following statement will compile with only xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp version
1.922 or greater:
REQUIRE: 1.922
TTTThhhheeee CCCCLLLLEEEEAAAANNNNUUUUPPPP:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
This keyword can be used when an XSUB requires special cleanup procedures
before it terminates. When the CLEANUP: keyword is used it must follow
any CODE:, PPCODE:, or OUTPUT: blocks which are present in the XSUB. The
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11113333
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
code specified for the cleanup block will be added as the last statements
in the XSUB.
TTTThhhheeee BBBBOOOOOOOOTTTT:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The BOOT: keyword is used to add code to the extension's bootstrap
function. The bootstrap function is generated by the xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler and
normally holds the statements necessary to register any XSUBs with Perl.
With the BOOT: keyword the programmer can tell the compiler to add extra
statements to the bootstrap function.
This keyword may be used any time after the first MODULE keyword and
should appear on a line by itself. The first blank line after the
keyword will terminate the code block.
BOOT:
# The following message will be printed when the
# bootstrap function executes.
printf("Hello from the bootstrap!\n");
TTTThhhheeee VVVVEEEERRRRSSSSIIIIOOOONNNNCCCCHHHHEEEECCCCKKKK:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The VERSIONCHECK: keyword corresponds to xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp's -versioncheck and
-noversioncheck options. This keyword overrides the command line
options. Version checking is enabled by default. When version checking
is enabled the XS module will attempt to verify that its version matches
the version of the PM module.
To enable version checking:
VERSIONCHECK: ENABLE
To disable version checking:
VERSIONCHECK: DISABLE
TTTThhhheeee PPPPRRRROOOOTTTTOOOOTTTTYYYYPPPPEEEESSSS:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The PROTOTYPES: keyword corresponds to xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp's -prototypes and
-noprototypes options. This keyword overrides the command line options.
Prototypes are enabled by default. When prototypes are enabled XSUBs
will be given Perl prototypes. This keyword may be used multiple times
in an XS module to enable and disable prototypes for different parts of
the module.
To enable prototypes:
PROTOTYPES: ENABLE
To disable prototypes:
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11114444
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
PROTOTYPES: DISABLE
TTTThhhheeee PPPPRRRROOOOTTTTOOOOTTTTYYYYPPPPEEEE:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
This keyword is similar to the PROTOTYPES: keyword above but can be used
to force xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp to use a specific prototype for the XSUB. This keyword
overrides all other prototype options and keywords but affects only the
current XSUB. Consult the Prototypes entry in the _p_e_r_l_s_u_b manpage for
information about Perl prototypes.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(timep, ...)
time_t timep = NO_INIT
PROTOTYPE: $;$
PREINIT:
char *host = "localhost";
CODE:
if( items > 1 )
host = (char *)SvPV(ST(1), na);
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( host, &timep );
OUTPUT:
timep
RETVAL
TTTThhhheeee AAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The ALIAS: keyword allows an XSUB to have two more unique Perl names and
to know which of those names was used when it was invoked. The Perl
names may be fully-qualified with package names. Each alias is given an
index. The compiler will setup a variable called ix which contain the
index of the alias which was used. When the XSUB is called with its
declared name ix will be 0.
The following example will create aliases FOO::gettime() and BAR::getit()
for this function.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t &timep
ALIAS:
FOO::gettime = 1
BAR::getit = 2
INIT:
printf("# ix = %d\n", ix );
OUTPUT:
timep
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11115555
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
TTTThhhheeee IIIINNNNCCCCLLLLUUUUDDDDEEEE:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
This keyword can be used to pull other files into the XS module. The
other files may have XS code. INCLUDE: can also be used to run a command
to generate the XS code to be pulled into the module.
The file _R_p_c_b_1._x_s_h contains our rpcb_gettime() function:
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t &timep
OUTPUT:
timep
The XS module can use INCLUDE: to pull that file into it.
INCLUDE: Rpcb1.xsh
If the parameters to the INCLUDE: keyword are followed by a pipe (|) then
the compiler will interpret the parameters as a command.
INCLUDE: cat Rpcb1.xsh |
TTTThhhheeee CCCCAAAASSSSEEEE:::: KKKKeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
The CASE: keyword allows an XSUB to have multiple distinct parts with
each part acting as a virtual XSUB. CASE: is greedy and if it is used
then all other XS keywords must be contained within a CASE:. This means
nothing may precede the first CASE: in the XSUB and anything following
the last CASE: is included in that case.
A CASE: might switch via a parameter of the XSUB, via the ix ALIAS:
variable (see the section on _T_h_e _A_L_I_A_S: _K_e_y_w_o_r_d), or maybe via the items
variable (see the section on _V_a_r_i_a_b_l_e-_l_e_n_g_t_h _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _L_i_s_t_s). The last
CASE: becomes the ddddeeeeffffaaaauuuulllltttt case if it is not associated with a
conditional. The following example shows CASE switched via ix with a
function rpcb_gettime() having an alias x_gettime(). When the function
is called as rpcb_gettime() its parameters are the usual (char *host,
time_t *timep), but when the function is called as x_gettime() its
parameters are reversed, (time_t *timep, char *host).
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11116666
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
long
rpcb_gettime(a,b)
CASE: ix == 1
ALIAS:
x_gettime = 1
INPUT:
# 'a' is timep, 'b' is host
char *b
time_t a = NO_INIT
CODE:
RETVAL = rpcb_gettime( b, &a );
OUTPUT:
a
RETVAL
CASE:
# 'a' is host, 'b' is timep
char *a
time_t &b = NO_INIT
OUTPUT:
b
RETVAL
That function can be called with either of the following statements.
Note the different argument lists.
$status = rpcb_gettime( $host, $timep );
$status = x_gettime( $timep, $host );
TTTThhhheeee &&&& UUUUnnnnaaaarrrryyyy OOOOppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrr
The & unary operator is used to tell the compiler that it should
dereference the object when it calls the C function. This is used when a
CODE: block is not used and the object is a not a pointer type (the
object is an int or long but not a int* or long*).
The following XSUB will generate incorrect C code. The xsubpp compiler
will turn this into code which calls rpcb_gettime() with parameters (char
*host, time_t timep), but the real rpcb_gettime() wants the timep
parameter to be of type time_t* rather than time_t.
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t timep
OUTPUT:
timep
That problem is corrected by using the & operator. The xsubpp compiler
will now turn this into code which calls rpcb_gettime() correctly with
parameters (char *host, time_t *timep). It does this by carrying the &
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11117777
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
through, so the function call looks like rpcb_gettime(host, &timep).
bool_t
rpcb_gettime(host,timep)
char *host
time_t &timep
OUTPUT:
timep
IIIInnnnsssseeeerrrrttttiiiinnnngggg CCCCoooommmmmmmmeeeennnnttttssss aaaannnndddd CCCC PPPPrrrreeeepppprrrroooocccceeeessssssssoooorrrr DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeeessss
C preprocessor directives are allowed within BOOT:, PREINIT: INIT:,
CODE:, PPCODE:, and CLEANUP: blocks, as well as outside the functions.
Comments are allowed anywhere after the MODULE keyword. The compiler
will pass the preprocessor directives through untouched and will remove
the commented lines.
Comments can be added to XSUBs by placing a # as the first non-whitespace
of a line. Care should be taken to avoid making the comment look like a
C preprocessor directive, lest it be interpreted as such. The simplest
way to prevent this is to put whitespace in front of the #.
If you use preprocessor directives to choose one of two versions of a
function, use
#if ... version1
#else /* ... version2 */
#endif
and not
#if ... version1
#endif
#if ... version2
#endif
because otherwise xsubpp will believe that you made a duplicate
definition of the function. Also, put a blank line before the
#else/#endif so it will not be seen as part of the function body.
UUUUssssiiiinnnngggg XXXXSSSS WWWWiiiitttthhhh CCCC++++++++
If a function is defined as a C++ method then it will assume its first
argument is an object pointer. The object pointer will be stored in a
variable called THIS. The object should have been created by C++ with
the _n_e_w() function and should be blessed by Perl with the _s_v__s_e_t_r_e_f__p_v()
macro. The blessing of the object by Perl can be handled by a typemap.
An example typemap is shown at the end of this section.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11118888
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
If the method is defined as static it will call the C++ function using
the _c_l_a_s_s::_m_e_t_h_o_d() syntax. If the method is not static the function
will be called using the THIS->_m_e_t_h_o_d() syntax.
The next examples will use the following C++ class.
class color {
public:
color();
~color();
int blue();
void set_blue( int );
private:
int c_blue;
};
The XSUBs for the _b_l_u_e() and _s_e_t__b_l_u_e() methods are defined with the
class name but the parameter for the object (THIS, or "self") is implicit
and is not listed.
int
color::blue()
void
color::set_blue( val )
int val
Both functions will expect an object as the first parameter. The xsubpp
compiler will call that object THIS and will use it to call the specified
method. So in the C++ code the _b_l_u_e() and _s_e_t__b_l_u_e() methods will be
called in the following manner.
RETVAL = THIS->blue();
THIS->set_blue( val );
If the function's name is DDDDEEEESSSSTTTTRRRROOOOYYYY then the C++ delete function will be
called and THIS will be given as its parameter.
void
color::DESTROY()
The C++ code will call delete.
delete THIS;
If the function's name is nnnneeeewwww then the C++ new function will be called to
create a dynamic C++ object. The XSUB will expect the class name, which
will be kept in a variable called CLASS, to be given as the first
argument.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 11119999
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
color *
color::new()
The C++ code will call new.
RETVAL = new color();
The following is an example of a typemap that could be used for this C++
example.
TYPEMAP
color * O_OBJECT
OUTPUT
# The Perl object is blessed into 'CLASS', which should be a
# char* having the name of the package for the blessing.
O_OBJECT
sv_setref_pv( $arg, CLASS, (void*)$var );
INPUT
O_OBJECT
if( sv_isobject($arg) && (SvTYPE(SvRV($arg)) == SVt_PVMG) )
$var = ($type)SvIV((SV*)SvRV( $arg ));
else{
warn( \"${Package}::$func_name() -- $var is not a blessed SV reference\" );
XSRETURN_UNDEF;
}
IIIInnnntttteeeerrrrffffaaaacccceeee SSSSttttrrrraaaatttteeeeggggyyyy
When designing an interface between Perl and a C library a straight
translation from C to XS is often sufficient. The interface will often
be very C-like and occasionally nonintuitive, especially when the C
function modifies one of its parameters. In cases where the programmer
wishes to create a more Perl-like interface the following strategy may
help to identify the more critical parts of the interface.
Identify the C functions which modify their parameters. The XSUBs for
these functions may be able to return lists to Perl, or may be candidates
to return undef or an empty list in case of failure.
Identify which values are used by only the C and XSUB functions
themselves. If Perl does not need to access the contents of the value
then it may not be necessary to provide a translation for that value from
C to Perl.
Identify the pointers in the C function parameter lists and return
values. Some pointers can be handled in XS with the & unary operator on
the variable name while others will require the use of the * operator on
the type name. In general it is easier to work with the & operator.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 22220000
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
Identify the structures used by the C functions. In many cases it may be
helpful to use the T_PTROBJ typemap for these structures so they can be
manipulated by Perl as blessed objects.
PPPPeeeerrrrllll OOOObbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss AAAAnnnndddd CCCC SSSSttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeeessss
When dealing with C structures one should select either TTTT____PPPPTTTTRRRROOOOBBBBJJJJ or
TTTT____PPPPTTTTRRRRRRRREEEEFFFF for the XS type. Both types are designed to handle pointers to
complex objects. The T_PTRREF type will allow the Perl object to be
unblessed while the T_PTROBJ type requires that the object be blessed.
By using T_PTROBJ one can achieve a form of type-checking because the
XSUB will attempt to verify that the Perl object is of the expected type.
The following XS code shows the _g_e_t_n_e_t_c_o_n_f_i_g_e_n_t() function which is used
with ONC+ TIRPC. The _g_e_t_n_e_t_c_o_n_f_i_g_e_n_t() function will return a pointer to
a C structure and has the C prototype shown below. The example will
demonstrate how the C pointer will become a Perl reference. Perl will
consider this reference to be a pointer to a blessed object and will
attempt to call a destructor for the object. A destructor will be
provided in the XS source to free the memory used by _g_e_t_n_e_t_c_o_n_f_i_g_e_n_t().
Destructors in XS can be created by specifying an XSUB function whose
name ends with the word DDDDEEEESSSSTTTTRRRROOOOYYYY. XS destructors can be used to free
memory which may have been malloc'd by another XSUB.
struct netconfig *getnetconfigent(const char *netid);
A typedef will be created for struct netconfig. The Perl object will be
blessed in a class matching the name of the C type, with the tag Ptr
appended, and the name should not have embedded spaces if it will be a
Perl package name. The destructor will be placed in a class
corresponding to the class of the object and the PREFIX keyword will be
used to trim the name to the word DESTROY as Perl will expect.
typedef struct netconfig Netconfig;
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = RPC
Netconfig *
getnetconfigent(netid)
char *netid
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = NetconfigPtr PREFIX = rpcb_
void
rpcb_DESTROY(netconf)
Netconfig *netconf
CODE:
printf("Now in NetconfigPtr::DESTROY\n");
free( netconf );
This example requires the following typemap entry. Consult the typemap
section for more information about adding new typemaps for an extension.
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 22221111
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
TYPEMAP
Netconfig * T_PTROBJ
This example will be used with the following Perl statements.
use RPC;
$netconf = getnetconfigent("udp");
When Perl destroys the object referenced by $netconf it will send the
object to the supplied XSUB DESTROY function. Perl cannot determine, and
does not care, that this object is a C struct and not a Perl object. In
this sense, there is no difference between the object created by the
_g_e_t_n_e_t_c_o_n_f_i_g_e_n_t() XSUB and an object created by a normal Perl subroutine.
TTTThhhheeee TTTTyyyyppppeeeemmmmaaaapppp
The typemap is a collection of code fragments which are used by the
xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler to map C function parameters and values to Perl values.
The typemap file may consist of three sections labeled TYPEMAP, INPUT,
and OUTPUT. The INPUT section tells the compiler how to translate Perl
values into variables of certain C types. The OUTPUT section tells the
compiler how to translate the values from certain C types into values
Perl can understand. The TYPEMAP section tells the compiler which of the
INPUT and OUTPUT code fragments should be used to map a given C type to a
Perl value. Each of the sections of the typemap must be preceded by one
of the TYPEMAP, INPUT, or OUTPUT keywords.
The default typemap in the ext directory of the Perl source contains many
useful types which can be used by Perl extensions. Some extensions
define additional typemaps which they keep in their own directory. These
additional typemaps may reference INPUT and OUTPUT maps in the main
typemap. The xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp compiler will allow the extension's own typemap to
override any mappings which are in the default typemap.
Most extensions which require a custom typemap will need only the TYPEMAP
section of the typemap file. The custom typemap used in the
_g_e_t_n_e_t_c_o_n_f_i_g_e_n_t() example shown earlier demonstrates what may be the
typical use of extension typemaps. That typemap is used to equate a C
structure with the T_PTROBJ typemap. The typemap used by
_g_e_t_n_e_t_c_o_n_f_i_g_e_n_t() is shown here. Note that the C type is separated from
the XS type with a tab and that the C unary operator * is considered to
be a part of the C type name.
TYPEMAP
Netconfig *<tab>T_PTROBJ
Here's a more complicated example: suppose that you wanted struct
netconfig to be blessed into the class Net::Config. One way to do this
is to use underscores (_) to separate package names, as follows:
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 22222222
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
typedef struct netconfig * Net_Config;
And then provide a typemap entry T_PTROBJ_SPECIAL that maps underscores
to double-colons (::), and declare Net_Config to be of that type:
TYPEMAP
Net_Config T_PTROBJ_SPECIAL
INPUT
T_PTROBJ_SPECIAL
if (sv_derived_from($arg, \"${(my $ntt=$ntype)=~s/_/::/g;\$ntt}\")) {
IV tmp = SvIV((SV*)SvRV($arg));
$var = ($type) tmp;
}
else
croak(\"$var is not of type ${(my $ntt=$ntype)=~s/_/::/g;\$ntt}\")
OUTPUT
T_PTROBJ_SPECIAL
sv_setref_pv($arg, \"${(my $ntt=$ntype)=~s/_/::/g;\$ntt}\",
(void*)$var);
The INPUT and OUTPUT sections substitute underscores for double-colons on
the fly, giving the desired effect. This example demonstrates some of
the power and versatility of the typemap facility.
EEEEXXXXAAAAMMMMPPPPLLLLEEEESSSS
File RPC.xs: Interface to some ONC+ RPC bind library functions.
#include "EXTERN.h"
#include "perl.h"
#include "XSUB.h"
#include <rpc/rpc.h>
typedef struct netconfig Netconfig;
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = RPC
SV *
rpcb_gettime(host="localhost")
char *host
PREINIT:
time_t timep;
CODE:
ST(0) = sv_newmortal();
if( rpcb_gettime( host, &timep ) )
sv_setnv( ST(0), (double)timep );
Netconfig *
getnetconfigent(netid="udp")
char *netid
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 22223333
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
MODULE = RPC PACKAGE = NetconfigPtr PREFIX = rpcb_
void
rpcb_DESTROY(netconf)
Netconfig *netconf
CODE:
printf("NetconfigPtr::DESTROY\n");
free( netconf );
File typemap: Custom typemap for RPC.xs.
TYPEMAP
Netconfig * T_PTROBJ
File RPC.pm: Perl module for the RPC extension.
package RPC;
require Exporter;
require DynaLoader;
@ISA = qw(Exporter DynaLoader);
@EXPORT = qw(rpcb_gettime getnetconfigent);
bootstrap RPC;
1;
File rpctest.pl: Perl test program for the RPC extension.
use RPC;
$netconf = getnetconfigent();
$a = rpcb_gettime();
print "time = $a\n";
print "netconf = $netconf\n";
$netconf = getnetconfigent("tcp");
$a = rpcb_gettime("poplar");
print "time = $a\n";
print "netconf = $netconf\n";
XXXXSSSS VVVVEEEERRRRSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN
This document covers features supported by xsubpp 1.935.
AAAAUUUUTTTTHHHHOOOORRRR
Dean Roehrich <_r_o_e_h_r_i_c_h@_c_r_a_y._c_o_m> Jul 8, 1996
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 22224444
PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLLXXXXSSSS((((1111))))
PPPPaaaaggggeeee 22225555